Paper

What does Brexit mean for UK tobacco control?

2 December, 2020 Author: J. Robert Branston, Deborah Arnott, Allen W.A.Gallagher Abstract In January 2020 the UK left the European Union (EU), although a transition period extends EU rules/regulations until the end of 2020 while [...]

Tobacco industry access to policy elites and the implementation of Article 5.3 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control

December 17, 2019 Authors: Marc C. Willemsen and Gary FooksBMJ Abstract Introduction Article 5.3 WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) aims to prevent tobacco industry interference with public health policy. The degree of protection [...]

The first report of tobacco industry interference index in Eastern Mediterranean countries: the experience of Iran based on Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) Article 5.3

2020 Authors: Gholamreza HeydariEuropean Respiratory Journal Abstract Background: Tobacco industry interference (TII) is one of the biggest obstacles to comprehensive enforcement of tobacco control legislation and article 5.3 of WHO FCTC is a guideline to counter [...]

tobacco industry Interference Index: Implementation of the World Health Organization’s Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Article 5.3 in India

May 12, 2020 Authors: Aastha Chugh, MSc, Shalini Bassi, MSc, Gaurang P. Nazar, PhD, Upendra Bhojani, PhD, Cyril Alexander, MSW,Pranay Lal, MSc6, Prakash C. Gupta, DSc, and Monika Arora, PhD Asia Pacific Journal of Public [...]

Price elasticity of initiation and cessation of tobacco in India

October 22, 2020 Authors: Estelle P Dauchy and John RijoTobacco Prevention Cessation Abstract Background:About 267 million adults consume tobacco in some form in India, representing 28.6% of India’s adults. Smoking and smokeless tobacco (SLT) use [...]

Tobacco industry response to tobacco tax hikes: The case of Montenegro

October 22, 2020 Authors: Konstantin KrasovskyTobacco Prevention and Cessation AbstractBackground:Tobacco taxation is an effective policy to decrease tobacco consumption and increase revenue. In July 2017, Montenegro adopted an ambitious plan of tobacco excise increases (from [...]

Scientists, NGOs and media need to cooperate to enforce tobacco control: Lessons learned by failure and success in Austria

October 22, 2020 Authors: Manfred Neuberger and Kurt AignerTobacco Prevention and Cessation Abstract   From 2007 to 2016, Austria performed poor in implementation of FCTC, holding the last position in TCS of ECL. With support [...]

Determinants of tobacco cultivation in Bangladesh

November 1, 2020 Authors: Md Sazedur Rahman,N A M Faisal Ahmed,Mohammad Ali,Md Menhazul Abedin,Md Saimul Islam X-Mol Abstract Background Tobacco production continues to increase in low-income and middle-income countries including in Bangladesh. It has spreads to [...]

Does the COVID-19 pandemic provide an opportunity to eliminate the tobacco industry?

October 26, 2020 Authors: John P A Ioannidis and Prabhat JhaThe Lancet Tobacco use is the top modifiable global health problem, but the global tobacco market grows 3% annually. Most anti-tobacco measures to date target [...]

Tobacco Health Warnings: Evidence of Effectiveness (2020)

In March 2020, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) finalized a rule requiring 11 new cigarette health warnings. By June 18, 2021, these warnings, which include new text and color graphics, will be required [...]

Tobacco Control in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: The Urgent Requirement for Action (2020)

Authors: Jawad Al-Lawati and Judith Mackay The World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) was developed in response to the globalization of the tobacco epidemic, and contains measures to reduce the demand for tobacco as [...]

Tobacco Industry Tactics Influential in E-cigarette Policy (2016)

Authors: Stanton Glantz et al. Summary By employing the same tactics it used to drive policymaking from the 1970s-1990s, the tobacco industry has become successful in influencing pro-industry e-cigarette laws at the state level, according to [...]

The Creation of Industry Front Groups: The Tobacco Industry and “Get Government Off Our Back” (2007)

Authors: Dorie Apollonio and Lisa Bero Abstract We investigated how industries use front groups to combat public health measures by analyzing tobacco industry documents, contemporaneous media reports, journal articles, and press releases regarding “Get Government Off Our [...]

The Tobacco Industry’s Use of Wall Street Analysts in Shaping Policy (2004)

Authors: Benjamin Alamar and Stanton Glantz Abstract Objective: To document how the tobacco industry has used Wall Street analysts to further its public policy objectives. Methods: Searching tobacco documents available on the internet, newspaper articles, and transcripts of public [...]

Health Preemption Behind Closed Doors: Trade Agreements and Fast-track Authority (2014)

Authors: Eric Crosbie, Mariaelena Gonzalez, and Stanton Glantz Abstract Noncommunicable diseases result from consuming unhealthy products, including tobacco, which are promoted by transnational corporations. The tobacco industry uses preemption to block or reverse tobacco control policies. [...]

Hiding in the Shadows: Philip Morris and the Use of Third Parties to Oppose Ingredient Disclosure Regulations (2015)

Authors: Clayton Velicer and Stanton Glantz Abstract Background: In 1996 Massachusetts proposed regulations that would require tobacco companies to disclose information about the ingredients in their products on a by-brand basis. This paper examines the strategies employed by [...]

The Failure of the UK to Tax Adequately Tobacco Company Profits (2020)

Authors: J Robert Branston and Anna B Gilmore Abstract Background: A key driver of the global tobacco epidemic is the massive profit earned from manufacturing tobacco products despite high levels of product taxation. Two of the [...]

Philip Morris International-funded ‘Foundation for a Smoke-Free World’: Analysing its Claims of Independence (2019)

Authors: Yvette van der Eijk Y., Bero Lisa A., and Malone Ruth E.      Abstract The Foundation for a Smoke-Free World was launched in September 2017 with an announced 12-year funding commitment of $1 billion [...]

Impact of Implementation of the WHO FCTC on the Tobacco Industry’s Behaviour (2019)

Author: Stella Aguinaga Bialous The tobacco industry has a decades-long history of opposing any measure that attempts to regulate its product, its marketing, pricing or social acceptability.1 2 The entry into force of the WHO Framework [...]

Tobacco Industry’s Elaborate Attempts to Control a Global Track and Trace System and Fundamentally Undermine the Illicit Trade Protocol (2019)

Authors: Anna B Gilmore, Allen W A Gallagher, and Andy Rowell Abstract Background: The Illicit Trade Protocol (ITP) requires a global track and trace (T&T) system to reduce tobacco smuggling. Given the tobacco industry’s (TI) historical [...]

Tobacco Industry Data on Illicit Tobacco Trade: A Systematic Review of Existing Assessments (2019)

Authors: Allen Gallagher, et al. Abstract Objective: To examine the quality of tobacco industry-funded data on the illicit tobacco trade (ITT) through a systematic review of existing assessments of industry-funded data on ITT. Data sources: Papers and [...]

Tobacco Taxation, Illegal Cigarette Supply and Geography (2019)

Author: Dardo Curti et al. Abstract Background: In Uruguay, real tobacco taxes increased significantly during 2005–2010 and 2014–2017 and decreased during 2010–2014. The effects of these tax changes on illegal and legal cigarette usage differed significantly [...]

Memoranda of Understanding: A Tobacco Industry Strategy to Undermine Illicit Tobacco Trade Policies (2019)

Authors: Eric Crosbie, Stella Bialous and Stanton A Glantz Abstract Objective: Analyse the transnational tobacco companies’ (TTCs) memoranda of understanding (MoUs) on illicit trade and how they could undermine the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control [...]

Impact of Implementation of the WHO FCTC on the Tobacco Industry’s Behaviour (2019)

Author: Stella Bialous                                     The tobacco industry has a decades-long history of opposing any measure that attempts to regulate [...]

Brazil Sues Cigarette Manufacturers for Public Health Costs (2019)

Author: Lise Alves                                   Brazil’s Attorney General’s Office (AGU) wants some of the country’s largest cigarette manufacturers to repay [...]

Impact of the WHO FCTC on Tobacco Control: Perspectives from Stakeholders in 12 Countries (2019)

Author: Lorraine Craig et al.                                                Abstract Background: The WHO Framework Convention on [...]

Tobacco Control Measures in the Dutch ‘National Prevention Agreement’ and Expected Tobacco Industry Responses (2019)

Authors: Dr. Gera Nagelhout and Dr. Barbara van Straaten Background The Dutch government has published a ‘National Prevention Agreement’ on November 23rd 2018, announcing several tobacco control measures. IVO Research Institute performed a survey among [...]

Australian Researchers Oppose Funding from the Foundation for a Smoke-Free World (2018)

We support the recent statement by the Council of Academic Public Health Institutions Australasia, Public Health Association of Australia and World Federation of Public Health Associations: We will not accept any kind of funding or [...]

Tobacco Industry Lives and Kills (2018)

Author: João Peres/Moriti Neto Introduction Brazil has been the world’s largest leaf tobacco exporter for 25 years. Belgium, China, U.S.A and Italy are the main yearly buyers of almost half a million tons of the product, [...]

European Union implementation of Article 5.3 of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (2018)

Authors: Benjamin Hawkins and Chris Holden  Abstract Background: Article 5.3 of the World Health Organization’s Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) requires Parties to the agreement to take proactive measures to protect health policy from the [...]

Tobacco Industry’s Elaborate Attempts to Control a Global Track and Trace System and Fundamentally Undermine the Illicit Trade Protocol (2018)

Authors: Anna B Gilmore, Allen W A Gallagher, and Andy Rowell Background: The Illicit Trade Protocol (ITP) requires a global track and trace (T&T) system to reduce tobacco smuggling. Given the tobacco industry’s (TI) historical involvement [...]

Tobacco Industry’s T.O.T.A.L. Interference (2018)

Authors: Lisa Henriksen and Maggie Mahoney Swedish Match and the National Association of Tobacco Outlets launched a website in 2016 that encourages retailers and policy makers to oppose regulating the tobacco retail environment.1 2 T.O.T.A.L., an [...]

Tobacco Product Regulation and Tobacco Industry Interference (2018)

Author: Hanbing Guo Abstract China’s Tobacco Monopoly Law grants the State Tobacco Monopoly Administration (STMA)/China National Tobacco Corporation (CNTC) power to devise and enact any and all regulations related to tobacco products. Rather than strengthening regulations [...]

Tobacco and the Environment (2018)

BACKGROUND Tobacco use is not only a health issue, it is also an environmental issue. Billions of cigarettes — about 267 billion in 2015 — are smoked each year in the United States.1 They are [...]

E-cigarettes—New Product, Old Tricks (2018)

Tobacco smoking cessation represents one of the most successful public health initiatives in the world, with smoking prevalence at its lowest during the past decade according to recent WHO estimates. However, since the introduction of e-cigarettes [...]

Why Tobacco Control Still Won’t Publish Tobacco Industry-funded Work, Even if the Funding is Laundered through PMI’s New ‘Independent’ Foundation (2017)

Authors: Joaquin Barnoya et al. Tobacco Control has a normative focus: we strive to publish the best research that informs and advances public health and policy. In this spirit – and because of a long [...]

Avoiding “A Massive Spin-Off Effect in West Africa and Beyond”: The Tobacco Industry Stymies Tobacco Control in Nigeria (2017)

Authors: Catherine Egbe et al. Abstract Background: Nigeria plays important economic and political roles in Africa and is a significant market for the tobacco industry. This study describes the tobacco industry’s efforts to block Nigeria’s [...]

WHO Urges Countries to Fight Tobacco Industry’s Interference (2017)

Author:  Anne Gulland The tobacco industry continues to “hamper” government efforts to curb smoking by threatening litigation and attempting to undermine scientific evidence when tobacco control policies are introduced, the World Health Organization has warned.1 [...]

Graduated Sovereignty and Global Governance Gaps: Special Economic Zones and the Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products (2017)

Authors: Chris Holden  Abstract Illicit trade in tobacco products has been a significant problem globally for many years. It allows cigarettes to be sold far below their legal price and thus contributes to higher consumption, morbidity [...]

An analysis of the Australian Illicit Tobacco Market (2017)

Authors: Mark Lauchs and Rebecca Keane  Abstract Purpose: This paper aims to provide an overview of the illicit tobacco market in Australia. It attempts to build a picture of the sources of demand, size of the market and [...]

Whose Butt is it? Tobacco Industry Research about Smokers and Cigarette Butt Waste (2011)

Authors: Elizabeth A Smith and Thomas E Novotny Abstract Background: Cigarette filters are made of nonbiodegradable cellulose acetate. As much as 766 571 metric tons of butts wind up as litter worldwide per year. Numerous [...]

The Devil is in the Detail: Tobacco Industry Political Influence in the Dutch Implementation of the 2001 EU Tobacco Products Directive (2016)

Authors: Jessamina Lih Yan Lie et al. Abstract Introduction: The Dutch implementation of the black border provision in the 2001 European Union Tobacco Products Directive (TPD) is studied to examine the implications of tobacco industry involvement [...]

Tobacco Industry Interference with Tobacco Control Policies in Poland: Legal Aspects and Industry Practices (2016)

Authors: Łukasz Balwicki et al. Abstract Background: Since 2006, when Poland ratified the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), there have been efforts to improve tobacco control regulation in the country. At the same time, [...]

“Cigarette Smuggling for Greenhorns”: Recent Patterns of Illegal Tobacco Trade in the Czech Republic (2016)

Authors: Petr Kupka and Kateřina Tvrdá  Abstract One of the countries impacted to a lesser degree by the illegal trade in tobacco products is the Czech Republic. Recently the proportion of counterfeit or smuggled cigarettes [...]

The Illicit Tobacco Market in Sweden – From Smuggling to Warehousing (2016)

Authors: Johanna Skinnari and Lars Korsell  Abstract Research on the illicit tobacco market in Sweden is scarce. Actors in the licit tobacco market have made estimations of the size of its illicit counterpart and claim [...]

Content Analysis of Tobacco Industry Data on the Illicit Tobacco Trade in UK Newspapers During the Standardised Packaging Debate (2016)

Authors: Karen Evans-Reeves et al. Abstract Background: Standardised tobacco packaging, which commenced in the UK in May, 2016, has been vehemently opposed by transnational tobacco companies. Previous research has concluded that companies invoke the existence [...]

The Financial Management of the Illicit Tobacco Trade in the United Kingdom (2016)

Authors: Georgios A. Antonopoulos and Alexandra Hall Over the last two decades official and media discourses have paid increasing attention to the proceeds of ‘organized crime’. However, although there is a relatively sound understanding of [...]

Targeted Enforcement Against Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products (2016)

Authors: James Prieger,  Jonathan D. Kulick, and  Mark A. R. Kleiman Abstract Illicit trade in tobacco is a substantial and growing problem in the U.S., causing loss of tax revenue, damage to public health, and [...]

Smoking Out Illicit Trade: How Some Policies Intended to Limit Smoking Drive Illegal Trade (2016)

Author: Roger Bate Abstract The World Health Organization (WHO) states that smoking cigarettes is the largest cause of preventable premature death globally. The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) entered into force in 2005 [...]

Content Analysis of Tobacco Industry Data on the Illicit Tobacco Trade in UK Newspapers During the Standardized Packaging Debate (2016)

Authors: Karen Evans-Reeves et al. Abstract Background: Standardised tobacco packaging, which commenced in the UK in May, 2016, has been vehemently opposed by transnational tobacco companies. Previous research has concluded that companies invoke the existence [...]

What Hinders Implementation of the WHO FCTC Article 5.3? – The Case of South Korea (2015)

Author: Sungkyu Lee               Abstract The aims of this study are to identify what hinders implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) Article 5.3 in Korea, and to [...]

The Revision of the 2014 European Tobacco Products Directive: An Analysis of the Tobacco Industry’s Attempts to ‘Break the Health Silo’ (2015)

Authors: Silvy Peeters et al. Abstract Background: The 2014 European Union (EU) Tobacco Products Directive (TPD) was negotiated in a changed policy context, following adoption of the EU’s ‘Smart Regulation’ agenda, which transnational tobacco companies [...]

Tobacco Tax and the Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products in New Zealand (2015)

Authors: Ali Ajmal and Veng Ian U Abstract Objectives: To estimate the size of illegal tobacco trade and consumption and assess the impact of tobacco tax on the illicit tobacco market in New Zealand (NZ). [...]

Are the Tobacco Industry’s Claims About the Size of the Illicit Cigarette Market Credible? The Case of South Africa (2015)

Authors: Corné van Walbeek and Lerato Shai Abstract Background: The tobacco industry claims that illicit cigarette trade in South Africa is high and rising. This is often used as an argument not to increase the [...]

“It Will Harm Business and Increase Illicit Trade”: An Evaluation of the Relevance, Quality and Transparency of Evidence Submitted by the Tobacco Industry to the UK Consultation on Standardised Packaging 2012 (2015)

Authors: Karen Evans-Reeves et al. Introduction: Transnational tobacco companies (TTCs) submitted evidence to the 2012 UK Consultation on standardised packaging (SP) to argue the policy will have detrimental economic impacts and increase illicit tobacco trade. [...]

Countering Tobacco Industry Arguments in Uganda (2015)

Clause 14 (2) of the Uganda Tobacco Control Bill (UTCB) calls for graphic health warnings covering at least 75% of “each principal display area of the unit packet” Read more: University of Bath – Tobacco [...]

Approaches for Controlling Illicit Tobacco Trade — Nine Countries and the European Union (2015)

Authors: Hana Ross et al. An estimated 11.6% of the world cigarette market is illicit, representing more than 650 billion cigarettes a year and $40.5 billion in lost revenue (1). Illicit tobacco trade refers to any [...]

Use of Tobacco Tax Stamps to Prevent and Reduce Illicit Tobacco Trade — United States, 2014 (2015)

Author: Jamie Chriqui Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable disease and death in the United States (1). Increasing the unit price on tobacco products is the most effective tobacco prevention and control measure [...]

The Extreme Profitability of the UK Tobacco Market and the Rationale for a New Tobacco Levy (2015)

Author: Anna Gilmore and Robert Branston                                     Introduction We have previously pointed towards the extreme profitability of the UK [...]

Closing the Door on Illicit Tobacco Trade, Opens the Way to Better Tobacco Control (2015)

Author: Vinayak Prasad et al. This year we are celebrating with the world the 10th anniversary of the entry into force of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC). Parties to [...]

European Watchdog is Failing to Hold Tobacco Industry to Account Over Smuggling (2015)

Author: Martin McKee What are agreements with the industry worth? For over a decade the European Union’s antifraud organisation, OLAF (Office Européen de Lutte Antifraude) has, controversially, engaged with the tobacco industry, ostensibly to counter tobacco [...]

Exposing and Addressing Tobacco Industry Conduct in Low-income and Middle-Income Countries (2015)

Authors: Anna Gilmore et al. Summary The tobacco industry’s future depends on increasing tobacco use in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), which face a growing burden of tobacco-related disease, yet have potential to prevent full-scale [...]

A Critique of the ITIC/O Asia-14 Illicit Tobacco Indicator 2013 (2015)

Author: Hana Ross Executive Sumary The “Asia-14 Illicit Tobacco Indicator 2013” (Asia-14) report was published by the International Tax and Investment Center (ITIC) and Oxford Economics (OE) as a follow up to their previous attempt [...]

The Tobacco Industry’s Abuse of Scientific Evidence and Activities to Recruit Scientists During Tobacco Litigation (2014)

Author: Sungkyu Lee                                    South Korea’s state health insurer, the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS), is in the process [...]

Contrasting Academic and Tobacco Industry Estimates of Illicit Cigarette Trade: Evidence from Warsaw, Poland (2014)

Authors: Michal Stoklosa and Hana Ross Abstract Objective: To compare two different methods for estimating the size of the illicit cigarette market with each other and to contrast the estimates obtained by these two methods [...]

Tobacco Industry Manipulation of Data on and Press Coverage of the Illicit Tobacco Trade in the UK (2014)

Authors: Amber Rowell et al. Abstract Background: In the UK, transnational tobacco companies (TTCs) have been arguing that levels of illicit trade are high and increasing and will rise further if standardised packaging is implemented. [...]

Countering the Demand for, and Supply of, Illicit Tobacco: An Assessment of the ‘North of England Tackling Illicit Tobacco for Better Health’ Programme (2014)

Authors: Ann McNeill et al. Abstract Background: Illicit tobacco (IT) undermines the effectiveness of tobacco control strategies. We assessed the implementation and impact of a new programme designed to reduce demand for, as well as [...]

The Transnational Tobacco Companies’ Strategy to Promote Codentify, their Inadequate Tracking and Tracing Standard (2014)

Authors:  Luk Joossens and Anna B Gilmore Introduction In 2011 INTERPOL, the world’s largest police organisation, accepted a donation from Philip Morris International (PMI) of €15 million, an 8% increase to its total annual budget (€60 [...]

Cigarette Smuggling and Terrorism Financing (2014)

Authors: Alexandra Hiropolous et al. Read more:  Crime Science Series [...]

The Empirical Analysis of Cigarette Tax Avoidance and Illicit Trade in Vietnam, 1998-2010 (2014)

Authors: Minh Thac Nguyen et al. Abstract  Illicit trade carries the potential to magnify existing tobacco-related health care costs through increased availability of untaxed and inexpensive cigarettes. What is known with respect to the magnitude [...]

Empirical Measurement of Illicit Tobacco Trade in the Philippines (2014)

Authors: Victor Abola et al. Abstract Cigarette smuggling reduces the price of cigarettes, thwarts youth access restrictions, reduces government revenue, and undercuts the ability of taxes to reduce consumption. The tobacco industry often opposes increases to [...]

A Critical Evaluation of the Volume, Relevance and Quality of Evidence Submitted by the Tobacco Industry to Oppose Standardized Packaging of Tobacco Products (2014)

Authors: Jenny Hatchard et al. Abstract Objectives: To examine the volume, relevance and quality of transnational tobacco corporations’ (TTCs) evidence that standardised packaging of tobacco products ‘won’t work’, following the UK government’s decision to ‘wait and [...]

Tobacco Control in Namibia: The Importance of Government Capacity, Media Coverage and Industry Interference (2014)

Authors: Jamie Tam and Corné van Walbeek  Abstract Background: Namibia is typical of low-income and middle-income countries with growing tobacco use, but with limited capacity to impose comprehensive tobacco control legislation. Despite initiating dialogue on [...]

Preventing Tobacco Companies’ Interference with Tobacco Control through Investor-state Dispute Settlement Under the TPP (2013)

Author: Tsai-yu Lin Read more: Asian Journal of WTO and International Health Law and Policy [...]

Representation and Misrepresentation of Scientific Evidence in Contemporary Tobacco Regulation: A Review of Tobacco Industry Submissions to the UK Government Consultation on Standardised Packaging (2014)

Author: Selda Ulucanlar et al. Abstract Background: Standardised packaging (SP) of tobacco products is an innovative tobacco control measure opposed by transnational tobacco companies (TTCs) whose responses to the UK government’s public consultation on SP [...]

How Does the Tobacco Industry Attempt to Influence Marketing Regulations? A Systematic Review (2014)

Authors: Emily Savell , Anna B. Gilmore, and Gary Fooks Abstract Background: The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control makes a number of recommendations aimed at restricting the marketing of tobacco products. Tobacco industry political activity has [...]

Implementation of Article 5.3 of the WHO FCTC: Evolving Issues Related to Interference by the Tobacco Industry (2014)

Read more: WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control [...]

Change in Tobacco Excise Policy in Bulgaria: The Role of Tobacco Industry Lobbying and Smuggling (2014)

Authors: Valeria Skafida et al. Abstract Objectives: To examine how transnational tobacco companies (TTCs) tried to penetrate the Bulgarian cigarette market and influence tobacco excise tax policy after the fall of communism and during Bulgaria’s [...]

 Taxes, Prices and Illicit Trade: The Need for Sound Evidence (2014)

Author: Frank J Chaloupka Extensive research from around the world has documented the effectiveness of tobacco tax and price increases in reducing tobacco use by promoting cessation among current users, deterring young people from taking [...]

Corruption, Greed and Crime-money: Sleaze and Shady Economy in Europe and Beyond (2014)

Land of opportunities: The illicit trade in cigarettes in the United States, p. 267 Authors: Klaus von Lampe, Marin Kurti and John Bae Introduction The illegal cigarette trade is a global phenomenon. The smuggling and [...]

Economics of Tobacco Toolkit, Tool 7: Understand, Measure, and Combat Tobacco Smuggling (2013)

Author: David Merriman The intended purpose of this tool is to let readers gain the necessary knowledge about tobacco smuggling. With this knowledge, policy responses can be developed and further monitored in order to establish their [...]

Price and Tax Measures and Illicit Trade in the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: What We Know and What Research Is Required (2013)

Author: Corne van Walbeek Abstract Introduction: Article 6 of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control commits Parties to use tax and price policies to reduce tobacco use, whereas Article 15 commits Parties to implement measures [...]

Tobacco Product Waste Reduction Toolkit (2013)

Author: Thomas Novotny  Section 1: Introduction and Background Cigarette butts are dropped on sidewalks in urban neighborhoods, in parks, beaches, and flicked from moving cars. Cigarette butts are the most common debris item collected from [...]

Supporting Pacific Island Countries to Strengthen Their Resistance to Tobacco Industry Interference in Tobacco Control: A Case Study of Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands (2013)

Authors: Judith McCool et al. Abstract Tobacco use is the biggest single preventable cause of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in the Western Pacific region. Currently, 14 Pacific Island countries have ratified the WHO Framework Convention on [...]

What is Known about Tobacco Industry Efforts to Influence Tobacco Tax? A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies (2013)

Authors: Katherine Smith, Emily Savell, and Anna Gilmore Abstract Objective: To systematically review studies of tobacco industry efforts to influence tobacco tax policies. Methods: Searches were conducted between 1 October 2009 and 31 March 2010 in 14 [...]

Evolution of Tobacco Labelling and Packaging: International Legal Considerations and Health Governance (2013)

Authors: Tim K Mackey , Bryan A Liang and Thomas E Novotny Abstract Numerous national governments have recently adopted packaging and labeling legislation to curb global tobacco uptake. This coincides with the World Health Organization’s 2011 World No [...]

Smoking Prevalence and Illicit Cigarettes Trade in 18 European Countries (2013)

Authors: Alessandra Lugo, et al.  Abstract In Europe, limited adequate data on tobacco, allowing for between-country comparisons, are available. Moreover, scanty information, other than those provided by the tobacco industry, is available on the quantitative [...]

“Shifting the Stuff Wasn’t Any Bother”: Illicit Enterprise, Tobacco Bootlegging and Deconstructing the British Government’s Cigarette Smuggling Discourse (2013)

Author: Xavier Duncan L’Hoiry Abstract This paper presents the results of interactions/interviews with an active tobacco bootlegger regarding his illicit entrepreneurial activity spanning his illegal career. This narrative is intended to portray a snapshot of [...]

 The WHO Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products: A Next Step in International Control of Tobacco Products (2013)

Author: Lukasz Gruszczynski  Abstract This report discusses the main provisions of the recently adopted WHO Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products. While recognizing the remarkable achievement of the global community in its efforts [...]

Strategies to Combat Illicit Tobacco Trade (2012)

Authors: Jess Alderman Introduction Illicit tobacco trade is a significant global problem. Experts estimate that more than 10 percent of cigarettes bought around the world are sold illegally,1 and in the United States alone smuggling costs [...]

Combating Counterfeit Medicines and Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products: Minefields in Global Health Governance (2012)

Author: Jonathan Liberman Abstract This article examines two spheres of global governance in which the World Health Organization (WHO) has sought to exercise international leadership — combating “counterfeit” medicines and illicit trade in tobacco products. [...]

Tobacco Industry Interference in the WHO European Region (2012)

Author: Olsen, Céline E J L Brassart WHO selected tobacco industry interference as the theme of the 2012 World No Tobacco Day, recognizing the serious danger the tobacco industry poses to public health and the [...]

Tobacco Industry Manipulation of Tobacco Excise and Tobacco Advertising Policies in the Czech Republic: An Analysis of Tobacco Industry Documents (2012)

Authors: Risako Shiran et al. Abstract Background: The Czech Republic has one of the poorest tobacco control records in Europe. This paper examines transnational tobacco companies’ (TTCs’) efforts to influence policy there, paying particular attention to [...]

 Tobacco Smuggling: A Review of the Literature (2012)

Author: Xavier Duncan L’Hoiry Read more: European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice [...]

Tobacco Industry Interference in Kenya: Exposing the Tactics (2012)

Executive Summary The World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) in its preamble recognizes ‘…the need to be alert to any efforts of the tobacco industry to undermine or subvert tobacco control [...]

Tobacco Industry Success in Costa Rica: The Importance of FCTC Article 5.3 (2012)

Authors: Eric Crosbie, Ernesto M Sebrié, and Stanton A Glantz Abstract Objective: To analyze how the tobacco industry influenced tobacco control policymaking in Costa Rica. Materials and methods: Review of tobacco industry documents, tobacco control legislation, newspaper articles, [...]

Tobacco Industry’s ITGA Fights FCTC Implementation in the Uruguay Negotiations (2012)

Author: Mary Assunta  Abstract Objective: To illustrate how the tobacco industry’ front group, the International Tobacco Growers Association (ITGA), mobilised tobacco farmers to influence the fourth session of the Conference of the Parties (COP4) negotiations and [...]

Global Health Governance and the Commercial Sector: A Documentary Analysis of Tobacco Company Strategies to Influence the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (2012)

Authors: Heide Weishaar et al. Abstract Background: In successfully negotiating the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), the World Health Organization (WHO) has led a significant innovation in global health governance, helping to transform international [...]

Success Counteracting Tobacco Company Interference in Thailand: An Example of FCTC Implementation for Low- and Middle-income Countries (2012)

Authors: Naowarut Charoenca et al.  Abstract Transnational tobacco companies (TTCs) interfere regularly in policymaking in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The WHO Framework Convention for Tobacco Control provides mechanisms and guidance for dealing with TTC [...]

The Vector of the Tobacco Epidemic: Tobacco Industry Practices in Low and Middle-income Countries (2012)

Authors: Sungkyu Lee , Pamela M Ling, Stanton A Glantz Abstract Purpose: To understand transnational tobacco companies’ (TTCs) practices in low and middle-income countries which serve to block tobacco-control policies and promote tobacco use. Methods: Systematic review of published research [...]

 The Linkage Between Tax Burden and Illicit Trade of Excisable products: The Example of Tobacco (2012)

Authors: Adrian Cooper and Daniel Witt Abstract Illicit trade in tobacco is now a global phenomenon. Experience across both advanced and developing economies demonstrates that the key economic drivers influencing the illicit tobacco trade are excessive [...]

Tackling Cigarette Smuggling with Enforcement: Case Studies Reviewing the Experience in Hungary, Romania and the United Kingdom (2012)

Authors: János Nagy Abstract This paper provides an overview of the approaches taken to address cigarette smuggling and focuses on the experiences of Hungary, Romania and the United Kingdom to reduce illicit trade in tobacco [...]

Illicit Trade Protocol: The Weakest Link: Invited Commentary (2012)

Author: Deborah Sy The article ‘From cigarette smuggling to illicit tobacco trade’ exposes the modus operandi in illicit trade that highlights the need for global cooperation in eliminating the illicit trade of tobacco products (see page 230). [...]

‘It Will Harm Business and Increase Illicit Trade’: An Evaluation of the Relevance, Quality and Transparency of Evidence Submitted by Transnational Tobacco Companies to the UK Consultation on Standardised Packaging 2012 (2012)

Authors: Karen Evans-Reeves et al. Abstract Introduction: Transnational tobacco companies (TTCs) submitted evidence to the 2012 UK Consultation on standardised packaging (SP) to argue the policy will have detrimental economic impacts and increase illicit tobacco [...]

Illicit Cigarette Trade in Thailand (2012)

Author: Pirudee Pavananunt Abstract The sale and consumption of illicit tobacco increases consumption, impacts public health, reduces tax revenue and provides an argument against tax increases. Thailand has some of the best tobacco control policies [...]

The Changing Role of China in the Global Illegal Cigarette Trade (2012)

Author: Klaus von Lampe et al. Abstract This study explores the history of the illegal production, distribution, and smuggling of cigarettes in mainland China. Data were obtained from a content analysis of 931 media reports [...]

Tobacco Companies’ Use of Developing Countries’ Economic Reliance on Tobacco to Lobby Against Global Tobacco Control: The Case of Malawi (2011)

Authors: Martin Otañez et al. Abstract Transnational tobacco manufacturing and tobacco leaf companies engage in numerous efforts to oppose global tobacco control. One of their strategies is to stress the economic importance of tobacco to [...]

Tobacco Industry Attempts to Influence and Use the German Government to Undermine the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (2011)

Authors: Thilo Grüning et al. Abstract Background: Germany has been identified as one of a few high-income countries that opposed a strong Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), the WHO’s first global public health treaty. This [...]

Opportunities and Risks of the Proposed FCTC Protocol on Illicit Trade (2011)

Authors: Jonathan Liberman et al. Abstract Illicit trade in tobacco products presents a threat to public health because it undermines the use of tax and price policies, which are among the most effective mechanisms for reducing [...]

Tobacco Smuggling: Case Study of a Pro‐health Lobbying Initiative (2011)

Author: Lorna Jennings The Irish Cancer Society (ICS) is an organization with significant credibility in the health arena. As the national cancer charity, the Society since its foundation in 1963 has played a key role in [...]

Tobacco Litter Costs and Public Policy: A Framework and Methodology for Considering the Use of Fees to Offset Abatement Costs (2011)

Authors: John E Schneider et al. Abstract Objectives: Growing concern over the costs, environmental impact and safety of tobacco product litter (TPL) has prompted states and cities to undertake a variety of policy initiatives, of [...]

Smoke-free College Campuses: No Ifs, ands or Toxic Butts (2011)

Author: Michael Sawdey et al. Abstract Objective: To better estimate the burden of toxic cigarette butt waste and create awareness of the hazardous nature of cigarette butts on two large university campuses in San Diego by [...]

Analysis of Metals Leached from Smoked Cigarette Litter (2011)

Authors: J W Moerman and G E Potts Abstract Background: Littered cigarette butts represent potential point sources for environmental contamination. In areas with substantial amounts of cigarette litter, environmental hazards may arise as chemical components are [...]

Geographic Patterns of Cigarette Butt Waste in the Urban Environment (2011)

Authors: Maacah Marah, Thomas E Novotny Abstract Background: This reports the initial phase of a study to quantify the spatial pattern of cigarette butt waste in an urban environment. Methods: Geographic Information Systems (GIS) was used [...]

The Intractable Cigarette ‘Filter Problem’ (2011)

Author: Bradford Harris Background: When lung cancer fears emerged in the 1950s, cigarette companies initiated a shift in cigarette design from unfiltered to filtered cigarettes. Both the ineffectiveness of cigarette filters and the tobacco industry’s misleading [...]

Regulating the Disposal of Cigarette Butts as Toxic Hazardous Waste (2011)

Author: Richard L Barnes Abstract The trillions of cigarette butts generated each year throughout the world pose a significant challenge for disposal regulations, primarily because there are millions of points of disposal, along with the [...]

Corporate Social Responsibility and Access to Policy Élites: An Analysis of Tobacco Industry Documents (2011)

Authors: Gary J. Fooks et al. Abstract Background: Recent attempts by large tobacco companies to represent themselves as socially responsible have been widely dismissed as image management. Existing research supports such claims by pointing to [...]

Tobacco and Cigarette Butt Consumption in Humans and Animals (2011)

Author: Thomas E Novotny et al. Discarded cigarette butts may present health risks to human infants and animals because of indiscriminate eating behaviours. Nicotine found in cigarette butts may cause vomiting and neurological toxicity; leachates of [...]

The Illegal Cigarette Trade In: Natarajan M (ed.). International Crime and Justice (2011)

Author: Klaus Von Lampe Read more: Cambridge University Press [...]

Deliverable 5.2: Illicit Tobacco Trade in Europe: Issues and solutions (2011)

Author: Luk Joossens Executive Summary Definitions Tax avoidance refers to legal activities to pay less or no taxes. Tax evasion refers to illegal activities to pay less or no taxes. Smuggling refers to products illegally [...]

Adolescents’ Awareness of, and Involvement with, Illicit Tobacco in the UK (2010)

Authors: Crawford Moodie, Anne Marie Mackintosh and Robert West The trade in illicit tobacco, which includes counterfeiting, bootlegging (small-scale smuggling) and large-scale organised smuggling by criminal gangs, has flourished in the UK and worldwide in the last decade.1 The [...]

Toxicity of Cigarette Butts, and their Chemical Components, to Marine and Freshwater Fish (2010)

Authors: Elli Slaughter et al. Abstract Background: Cigarette butts are the most common form of litter, as an estimated 4.5 trillion cigarette butts are thrown away every year worldwide. Many chemical products are used during the [...]

“Working the System”—British American Tobacco’s Influence on the European Union Treaty and its Implications for Policy: An Analysis of Internal Tobacco Industry Documents (2010)

Authors: Katherine Smith Abstract Background: Impact assessment (IA) of all major European Union (EU) policies is now mandatory. The form of IA used has been criticised for favouring corporate interests by overemphasising economic impacts and [...]

Recent Progress in the Development of a Protocol on the Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products (2010)

Author: Neil Boister Read more: Asian Journal of WTO and International Health Law and Policy [...]

The Impact of Eliminating the Global Illicit Cigarette Trade on Health and Revenue (2010)

Author: Luk Joossens et al. Abstract Aims: The purpose of this study was to update global estimates of the illicit cigarette trade, based on recent data, and estimate how many lives could be saved by [...]

A Mountain or a Molehill: Is the Illicit Trade in Cigarettes Undermining Tobacco Control Policy in South Africa? (2010)

Author: Evan Blecher Abstract This study estimates the size of the market for illicit cigarettes in South Africa between 1997 and 2007 in order to consider the impact of the illicit trade in cigarettes on [...]

Problems, Policies and Politics: A Comparative Case Study of Contraband Tobacco From the 1990s to the Present in the Canadian Context (2010)

Authors: Robert Schwartz and Teela Johnson  Abstract Contraband tobacco has been and continues to be a global public health policy concern, with special manifestations in Canada. Over the past 20 years, in two noteworthy instances [...]

Prevalence of Smuggled and Foreign Cigarette use in Tehran, 2009 (2009)

Authors: Gholamreza Heydari et al. Abstract Background: Iran is one of two main target markets for tobacco smuggling in the WHO’s Eastern Mediterranean Region. The Iranian government has a local tobacco monopoly but there is high [...]

Block, Amend, Delay: Tobacco Industry Efforts to Influence the European Union’s Tobacco Products Directive (2001/37/EC) (2009)

Authors: Sema Mandal et al. Abstract In 1996, discussion began in Brussels on the need for further tobacco control measures. Following extensive consultation, in November 1999 the European Commission proposed a new Tobacco Products Directive [...]

The Tobacco Industry’s Thwarting of Marketing Restrictions and Health Warnings in Lebanon (2009)

Authors: Rima Nakkash and Karen Lee Abstract Aims: This article outlines how the tobacco industry has undermined tobacco control efforts in Lebanon since the early 1970s. Methods: An analysis of online and on-site tobacco industry documents, reviews [...]

Sectors of the Russian Economy that Would Benefit from Reduced Cigarette Sales (2009)

Authors: Ray Merrill et al. Abstract Background: Cigarette companies argue that tobacco control measures will harm the Russian economy. Research in other countries has refuted this claim. Objective: To identify how current and former smokers would (or [...]

Lightning up the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: A Case Study of U.S. Tobacco Industry Political Influence Buying in Japan (2009)

Author: Mark Levin Abstract Confidential documents which became public through civil litigation discovery in the late 1990s reveal that, ten years after the Watergate and Lockheed scandals and just five years after the enactment of [...]

Open Doorway to Truth: Legacy of the Minnesota Tobacco Trial (2009)

Authors: Richard Hurt et al. Abstract More than a decade has passed since the conclusion of the Minnesota tobacco trial and the signing of the Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) by 46 US State Attorneys General [...]

The Plot Against Plain Packaging (2008)

How multinational tobacco companies colluded to use trade arguments they knew were phoney to oppose plain packaging. And how health ministers in Canada and Australia fell for their chicanery. Synopsis Plain packaging was thrust abruptly [...]

Tobacco Industry Interference for Pictorial Warnings (2010)

Authors: KC Oswal, MS Pednekar, PC Gupta Abstract Aim : A study was carried out to understand the process of interference by the tobacco industry, to measure the compliance of the industry for displaying pictorial warnings on a [...]

Protecting the Plain Packaging Consultation from Tobacco Industry Interference (2016)

Authors: Julia Smith and Kelley Lee Tobacco products have been shown to lose some of their appeal when colours, images and brand names are removed from packaging.1 The tobacco industry, however, is well known for opposing plain-packaging initiatives. It [...]

Back to the Future: Tobacco Industry Interference, Evidence and the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (2008)

Authors: Melanie Wakefield and Jonathan Liberman The publication of a special communication by Ronald Davis in this issue (see page 211)1 about a report on the effect of tobacco advertising bans (“the Boddewyn report”) that was in fact [...]

Mapping Tobacco Industry Strategies in South East Asia for Action Planning and Surveillance (2008)

Authors: Frances Stillman et al. Abstract Objective: To develop a comprehensive conceptual framework of tobacco industry tactics in four countries in South East Asia for the purpose of: (1) generating consensus on key areas of importance and [...]

Smuggling as the “Key to a Combined Market”: British American Tobacco in Lebanon (2008)

Authors: Rima Nakkash and Kwang Jae Lee Abstract Objectives: To understand the strategy of British American Tobacco (BAT) and other transnational tobacco companies (TTCs) to gain access to the Lebanese market, which has remained relatively [...]

Attempts to Undermine Tobacco Control: Tobacco Industry “Youth Smoking Prevention” Programs to Undermine Meaningful Tobacco Control in Latin America (2007)

Authors: Ernesto M Sebrié and Stanton A Glantz Abstract We sought to understand how the tobacco industry uses “youth smoking prevention” programs in Latin America. We analyzed tobacco industry documents, so-called “social reports,” media reports, and [...]

Transnational Tobacco Company Influence on Tax Policy During Privatization of a State Monopoly: British American Tobacco and Uzbekistan (2007)

Authors: Anna Gilmore et al. Abstract Objectives: The International Monetary Fund encourages privatization of state-owned tobacco industries. Privatization tends to lower cigarette prices, which encourages consumption. This could be countered with effective tax policies. We [...]

Tobacco Industry Strategies in Lebanon: An Analysis of Internal Tobacco Industry Documents (2007)

Author: Rima Nakkash Read more: University of London [...]

The Creation of Industry Front Groups: The Tobacco Industry and “Get Government Off our Back” (2007)

Authors: Dorie E. Apollonio and ,Lisa A. Bero Abstract We investigated how industries use front groups to combat public health measures by analyzing tobacco industry documents, contemporaneous media reports, journal articles, and press releases regarding [...]

British American Tobacco’s Erosion of Health Legislation in Uzbekistan (2006)

Author: Anna B Gilmore Uzbekistan shows how countries that privatise state owned tobacco industry can be manipulated by global companies In 1994 Uzbekistan’s tobacco industry was privatised in a closed deal enabling British American Tobacco [...]

“Key to the Future”: British American Tobacco and Cigarette Smuggling in China (2006)

Authors: Kelley Lee and Jeff Collin Cigarette smuggling is a major public health issue, stimulating increased tobacco consumption and undermining tobacco control measures. China is the ultimate prize among tobacco’s emerging markets, and is also believed [...]

The Role of Litigation in Tobacco Control (2006)

Author: Marlo Miura, Richard Daynard and Jonathan Samet Abstract There is now 50-years of experience in the United States litigating against the tobacco industry. As the base of evidence regarding health effects has evolved and [...]

Tobacco Industry Successfully Prevented Tobacco Control Legislation in Argentina (2005)

Authors: Ernesto Sebrié et al. Abstract Objective: To evaluate how transnational tobacco companies, working through their local affiliates, influenced tobacco control policymaking in Argentina between 1966 and 2005. Methods: Analysis of internal tobacco industry documents, local newspapers and [...]

Complicity in Contraband: British American Tobacco and Cigarette Smuggling in Asia (2004)

Authors: J Collin Abstract Objectives: To examine the complicity of British American Tobacco (BAT) in cigarette smuggling in Asia, and to assess the centrality of illicit trade to regional corporate strategy. Methods: Analysis of previously confidential documents from [...]

Moving East: How the Transnational Tobacco Industry Gained Entry to the Emerging Markets of the Former Soviet Union part II: An overview of Priorities and Tactics Used to Establish a Manufacturing Presence (2004)

Authors: Anna Gilmore and Martin McKee Abstract Objectives: To explore how British American Tobacco (BAT), having established cigarette imports, responded to the opportunities for investment in cigarette manufacturing in the former Soviet Union (FSU). Design: Analysis of [...]

Tobacco Industry Efforts to Erode Tobacco Advertising Controls in Hungary (2004)

Authors: Tibor Szilagyi and Shaun Chapma Abstract Objective: To review strategies of transnational tobacco companies (TTCs) at creating a favourable advertising environment for their products in Hungary, with special regard to efforts resulting in the liberalisation [...]

“A Phony Way to Show Sincerity, As We All Well Know”: Tobacco Industry Lobbying Against Tobacco Control in Hong Kong (2004)

Authors: Stephen Chapman and Jason Knight Abstract Objective: To examine the tobacco industry’s efforts to influence public policy and block the legislative process on tobacco control in Hong Kong, 1973 to 1997. Method: Systematic review of relevant [...]

A Mire of Highly Subjective and Ineffective Voluntary Guidelines: Tobacco Industry Efforts to Thwart Tobacco Control in Malaysia (2004)

Authors: Mary Assunta and Sarah Chapman Abstract Objective: To describe tobacco industry efforts in Malaysia to thwart government efforts to regulate tobacco promotion and health warnings. Methods: Systematic keyword and opportunistic website searches of formerly private tobacco [...]

Tobacco Excise Taxation in South Africa (2003)

Author: Corné van Walbeek Introduction The past ten years have witnessed a major turnabout in government policy on tobacco control in South Africa. Within a relatively short time, government policy has changed from complete apathy [...]

“Avoid Health Warnings on All Tobacco Products Just as Long as We Can”: A History of Australian Tobacco Industry Efforts to Avoid, Delay and Dilute Health Warnings on Cigarettes (2003)

Authors:  Shaun Chapman and Stacy Carter Abstract Objective: To review critically the history of Australian tobacco industry efforts to avoid, delay, and dilute pack warnings on cigarettes. Design: Systematic keyword and opportunistic website searches of [...]

Tobacco Industry Attempts to Subvert European Union Tobacco Advertising Legislation (2002)

Authors: Asaf Bitton et al. Abstract Beginning with the Europe Against Cancer Action Program in 1985, the European Economic Community (EEC), which was later renamed the European Community (EC) with its incorporation into the new [...]

Corporations That Kill: The Criminal Liability of Tobacco Manufacturers (2002)

Authors: Jonathan Liberman and Jonathan Clough Abstract In April 2002 British American Tobacco Australia became the first tobacco company in Australia to be ordered to pay compensation to a person dying of smoking-related illness. In [...]

Voices of Truth, vol. 2: Multinational Tobacco Industry Activity in the Middle East: A Review of Internal Industry Documents (2001)

Authors: Ross Hammond and Celia White Abstract The WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean has been working for years with national, regional and international partners to address tobacco health hazards and to support all [...]

Tobacco Industry Tactics for Resisting Public Policy on Health (2000)

Authors: Yussuf Saloojee and Elif Dagli Read more: World Health Organization [...]

Preventing Organised Crime: The Case of Contraband Cigarettes

Authors: Klaus von Lampe Read more: Situational Prevention of Organised Crimes [...]

The Role of Public Law-based Litigation in Tobacco Companies’ Strategies in High-income, FCTC Ratifying Countries, 2004–14 (2016)

Authors: Sarah Steele et al.  Background: Tobacco companies use a host of strategies to undermine public health efforts directed to reduce and eliminate smoking. The success, failure and trends in domestic litigation used by tobacco [...]

Transnational Tobacco Companies and New Nicotine Delivery Systems (2019)

Authors: Annalise Mathers , Ben Hawkins , and Kelley Lee  Request a copy [...]

Progress in Combating Cigarette Smuggling: Controlling the Supply Chain (2008)

Authors: Luk Joossens and M Raw Abstract Background: The illicit tobacco trade results in huge losses of revenue to governments, estimated at $US40–50 billion in 2006, and in increased consumption and thus health problems because it [...]